ESP32 Forum

Posted: **Tue Dec 05, 2023 2:15 pm**

Hello,

I'm building a polyphonic synth and am hitting CPU constraints. I haven't dug into optimizing my DSP yet as I expected to be able to increase my buffer size to avoid the problem, given that my current buffers sizes are giving me really good latency (better than I need, in fact - I have probably 6ms of latency headroom). I'm using DMA buffer settings of count 2, size 32, and doing my DSP in a loop with buffer size 32 samples. I'm able to do 6 voices with my DSP but when I try to do 7, the audio breaks up.

I've read enough that I thought that just increasing the buffer size would solve this problem - if I double the buffers, to say 10 and 32, what I'm seeing is that the CPU is never blocked by i2s_write, the watchdog timer complains and I'm getting a different periodic audio breakup (though it does sound different from the buffer too low issue). I haven't performance profiled my code yet, but I sort of expected that just increasing the DMA buffer sizes would "work". I also tried adjusting my own loop buffer size - BUFFER_LENGTH - but it didn't really seem o make much of a difference - given that the watchdog timer isn't firing, it seems like I'm spending 100% of my time in the loop and am never blocked on i2s_write.

Here's the important part of my code:

Code: [Select all] [Expand/Collapse]

#define BUFFER_LENGTH (32)
#define NUM_VOICES (8)
 
void init_i2s() {
  i2s_port_t i2s_port = (i2s_port_t)0;
 
  static const i2s_config_t i2s_config = {
      .mode = (i2s_mode_t)(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_TX),
      .sample_rate = 44100,
      .bits_per_sample = (i2s_bits_per_sample_t)16,
      .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_RIGHT_LEFT,
      .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_MSB,
      .intr_alloc_flags = 0, // default interrupt priority
      .dma_buf_count = 2,
      .dma_buf_len = 32,
      .use_apll = true};
 
  i2s_driver_install(i2s_port, &i2s_config, 0, NULL);
 
  static const i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {.bck_io_num = GPIO_NUM_4,
                                              .ws_io_num = GPIO_NUM_5,
                                              .data_out_num = GPIO_NUM_18,
                                              .data_in_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE};
 
  i2s_set_pin(i2s_port, &pin_config);
}
 
void i2s_task(void *data) {
  while (1) {
    int16_t buffer[BUFFER_LENGTH];
 
    for (unsigned int j = 0; j < BUFFER_LENGTH; j += 2) {
      int16_t summed = 0;
 
      for (unsigned int k = 0; k < NUM_VOICES; k++) {
        int16_t current_sample = voices[k].Process();
        summed += (current_sample / 5);
      }
 
      buffer[j] = summed;
      buffer[j + 1] = summed;
    }
 
    size_t i2s_bytes_write = 0;
    i2s_write((i2s_port_t)0, buffer, sizeof(buffer), &i2s_bytes_write, 100);
  }
}
 
extern "C" void app_main() {
  init_i2s();
  xTaskCreatePinnedToCore(i2s_task, "i2s_task", 4096, NULL, 19, NULL, 1);
}

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What's the best way to approach this problem? Thanks!

Posted: **Wed Dec 06, 2023 12:38 am**

The I2S driver needs to handle an interrupt at the end of every DMA buffer - rather than increase the amount of buffers, you likely want to increase the buffer size.

Posted: **Wed Dec 06, 2023 1:32 pm**

On another note (no pun

),

Code: Select all

int16_t current_sample = voices[k].Process();
summed += (current_sample / 5)

is likely less efficient than it could be: For each of the 44k samples every second this makes one call to every voice's Process(); and the fact that Process() does not take any arguments indicates that every voice also needs to update its internal state once per sample. You might save a lot of CPU time by changing Process() to AddTo(int32_t* sampleBuffer, uint32_t numSamples), or AddTo(uint32_t currentSampleIndex, int32_t* sampleBuffer, uint32_t numSamples).
And, obviously(?), avoid using floating point operations or, worse, trigonometry functions (looking at you, sin(...)) in sample generation.

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