From what I can read online, it's good till 20V, however I can imagine it will burn off too much power if you try that with the load the ESP32C3 gives you... from an
AMS1117 (which is in the same package, so the comparison works I think) they give a thermal resistance of 50'ish C/W for the case of this devkit (5x5 copper plane attached to LDO and a max temp of 125C, meaning the package can burn off 2W'ish. If we take an average current of, say, 200mA for the ESP32C3 (this depends on your specific application though) this means the LDO can burn off 10V before it overheats, meaning the max input for this sustained current will be 12V. Personally, I wouldn't even do this as I don't like my devboards getting that hot; if the input supply exceeds 7V or so, I would simply add a buck converter to bring the power supply rails down to 5V before pushing the voltage into the devboard.